|
In the United States a Mine Owners' Association, also sometimes referred to as a Mine Operators' Association or a Mine Owners' Protective Association, is the combination of individual mining companies, or groups of mining companies, into an association, established for the purpose of promoting the collective interests of the group. Such associations are sometimes referred to as MOAs, however, in some cases they may be designated by the state, district, or locale, such as the Cripple Creek District Mine Owners' Association (CCDMOA).〔It appears that there has been considerable imprecision in historical accounts when identifying Mine Owners' Associations, and groupings sometimes overlapped. Telluride, for example, had mine operators who were members of the Telluride Mining Association (TMA), and also of the state-wide Colorado Mine ''Operators' ''Association, which may also be referred to in some documents as the Colorado Mine ''Owners' ''Association. In some publications, it is unclear whether a local or state-wide organization is indicated. Likewise, the Colorado Mine Owners' Association coexisted for a time with the Colorado Mining Association. Hopefully, further research can clarify relationships and naming uncertainties.〕 Mine Owners' Associations were often formed for the purpose of fighting against union organizing drives, but smelter trusts and railroad syndicates were also a concern. These latter issues were complicated by the fact that some mine owners also controlled smelters and railroad lines. ==History== Prior to the formation of the Western Federation of Miners (WFM), local unions and protective associations formed by miners did not present much of a threat to the mine operators. Organizations such as the Knights of Labor had little power in confronting owners. Miners demanding better working conditions or wage increases were often fired. When local unions sought such changes, they were easily driven out of the mining districts.〔The Corpse On Boomerang Road, Telluride's War On Labor 1899-1908, MaryJoy Martin, 2004, page 2.〕 During the 1896-97 strike of the Cloud City Miners' Union in Leadville, Colorado, mine owners formed a secret verbal agreement among themselves that none of them would recognize the union or negotiate with it, an arrangement later revealed in a report by the Colorado State Legislature.〔William Philpott, The Lessons of Leadville, Colorado Historical Society, 1995, page 2, and page 97, in reference to the Report of the Joint Special Legislative Committee, 693.〕 Mine owners went a step further and formed a Mine Owners' Association in response to union organizing in the mining district of Coeur d'Alene, Idaho during the 1880s.〔The Corpse On Boomerang Road, Telluride's War On Labor 1899-1908, MaryJoy Martin, 2004, page 2.〕〔William Philpott, The Lessons of Leadville, Colorado Historical Society, 1995, page 22.〕 A violent confrontation between local miners' organizations and mining companies in Coeur d'Alene in 1892 served as the impetus for formation of the Western Federation of Miners (WFM) in 1893. The mining companies of Colorado similarly joined together during a labor struggle with the WFM in 1894, and during the Colorado Labor Wars of 1903. However, the mining companies of the Cripple Creek District were not completely united, even during the 1903-04 strike. As in Coeur d'Alene,〔The Corpse On Boomerang Road, Telluride's War On Labor 1899-1908, MaryJoy Martin, 2004, page 2.〕 mining companies in the Cripple Creek District that made agreements with unions were shut down by military force.〔All That Glitters — Class, Conflict, and Community in Cripple Creek, Elizabeth Jameson, 1998, page 220-221.〕 In the late 1890s and 1900s, mine owners' associations were created in cities and states throughout the mining west.〔William Philpott, The Lessons of Leadville, Colorado Historical Society, 1995, page 80.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mine Owners' Association」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|